Which of the following is NOT typically a violation of client privacy?

Face-to-face therapy is generally not a violation of client privacy because it occurs in a controlled setting where confidentiality is upheld. In such environments, therapists can ensure that private conversations remain between the client and the therapist, away from external interference. The nature of in-person sessions allows for a direct and secure interaction, fostering a trustworthy relationship where sensitive topics can be discussed without the risk of unauthorized access that may come with other forms of communication.

In contrast, other options like WhatsApp messaging, email communication, and recorded sessions can carry risks of privacy breaches. Digital communication methods might expose client information to third-party services or be susceptible to hacking. Similarly, recorded sessions pose risks if the recordings are not adequately safeguarded or if the client has not given informed consent for the recording to take place.